JHONE (JOHN) LUIFE (8426) was previously married but his first wife's name is unknown. By that marriage he had at least two children, JOHN LUIF, the younger and JAMES. There may have been more. To emphasize how far back we are getting now you should realize that JHONE LUIFE, the elder, is my great-g-g-g-g-g-g-g-grandfather (8th).

     JHONE LUIFE secondly married MARGARET PUDZEANE and by that marriage had three more children, ANDRO, WILLIAM and ALEXANDER. These names are interesting because ANDREW, WILLIAM and ALEXANDER are all names which turn up in later generations in Ardstraw Parish, County Tyrone. We know WILLIAM is "our" WILLIAM LOVE who went to Ireland in 1616 with the Plantation of Ulster. This is proven by WILLIAM's Administration Papers for his Creditors when he returned to Glasgow and died in March 1645. The Administration Papers state " WILLIAM LOVE, sometime in Strayband (Strabane), Indweller in Glasgow". They also mention he owned furniture being held at the house of the daughter of his brother. She was JANET LUIF who was married to JAMES SCOT and they lived in Bothwell.

     The book HISTORY OF THE SKINNERS FURRIERS and GLOVERS IN GLASGOW by Harry Lumsden was published in Glasgow in 1937 and a copy is in my library. He was the Clerk of the Trades House of Glasgow. We are lucky he picked that Guild to write their history. It is a real insight into the Craft Guilds of the 16th century. The best part for our purpose is his listing of all members from 1516 into the 1900s.

     This book is where it shows JHONE LUIFE was a Dekin (Deacon) of the Guild in 1565. The job of Deacon is an appointment by the Masters of the Guild. He of course was a Master Craftsman himself. He had various duties similar to a Treasurer but he also represented the Guild at the Glasgow Burgh meetings. WILLIAM LUIF is shown as a member in 1594 and was a Deacon in 1605 when he was attending a Council meeting on the 9 February. JOHN LUIF, the younger, was a member in 1595 and shows as a son of JHONE LUIFE who was a Deacon in 1565. This JOHN LUIF, the younger, was the son of the first marriage of JHONE LUIFE, the elder, but we don't know the mother's name. This would make him a step-brother to our WILLIAM LOVE. So here is the father of JANET LUIF SCOT who was holding the furniture mentioned in the Creditor's Administration Papers. If WILLIAM and JOHN, the younger. were step-brothers then the father of WILLIAM must be JHONE LUIFE, the elder. This is the only way we can prove the father connection. This is important as WILLIAM DELOSS LOVE in his manuscript said "it was thought" WILLIAM's father was ROBERT LUIF. I believe all the above connections prove WILLIAM's father was JHONE LUIFE, the elder.

       As this is the first time we have had ancestors in Glasgow, it would be appropriate to give a short background of this historic Burgh. For history in greater detail you can refer to the history books on Glasgow shown in the Source Information below and which are in my library.

      The very early days of Glasgow history are shrouded in obscurity. The Romans were in the area from circa 200 AD to circa 450 AD. However they never had a camp or a fort where Glasgow is located now. The nearest fort was at Paisley about 7 miles to the west. Many people still believe the Romans stayed south of Hadrian's Wall but this is not correct. They later built a second wall, the Antonine Wall, running between the Firth of Clyde and the Firth of Forth, a distance of 27 miles. They built a string of forts in this area but they were never able to conquer and hold any land further north.

The first Christian missionary to visit the area of Glasgow was St. Ninian. About the end of the 4th century he had arrived from Rome at Whithorn near Galloway and built the church Candida Casa. Then he came to the site where Glasgow stands now and occupied a cell there on the bank of the stream then known as Mellendoner.

     When the Romans evacuated all of Britain in the mid 5th century there was a power struggle between the 4 main tribal groups to take over the abandoned Roman territory. They were the Britons from Wales(known as the Cymric) and from Devon and Cornwall (known as the Damnonii), the Scots from Ireland, the Picts from northeast Scotland and the Saxons (Angles) from central England. The Britons won out in the area of our interest which is Lanarkshire, Renfrewshire and Ayrshire. Their capitol was at Dumbarton on the north side of the Clyde Estuary and was known as Alcluithe.

     By the 6th century missionaries were working their way into Scotland. COLUMBA, the famous Irish monk, established the Monastery on the island of Iona. In the Strathclyde district it was KENTIGERN who arrived from Wales circa 550 AD. He and his followers took up residence at the later site of Glasgow. They subsisted by primitive farming. KENTIGERN became known later as St. Mungo and he died there on 13 January 603 AD.

     After the death of KENTIGERN the whole area reverted to paganism and nothing is really known about Glasgow until the 12th century. At that time EARL DAVID, Prince of Cumbria, and youngest son of King Malcolm Canmore and Queen Margaret, wanted to found a Bishopric of Glasgow. He appointed an inquest to assess the possessions of the church in western Scotland. He then appointed a Bishop in 1124 AD and a cathedral was started in what later became the Burgh of Glasgow. There is dispute as to whether it was built of wood or stone but it was dedicated in the presence of King David on 7 July 1136. A good guess would be it was built of wood as it was destroyed by fire in 1189 and nothing remains of the original structure.

     KING DAVID liberally endowed the church at Glasgow and his grandson MALCOLM IV carried on this tradition. They gave lands as well as the revenues of other churches. In the 12th and 13th centuries it was the custom of Kings and Barons to make huge donations to the churches and monasteries and to fund the building of cathedrals. The Charters for these gifts always said "for the salvation of my soul and those of my wife, father , mother etc." or something similar. The size of the Cathedral of Glasgow when it was rebuilt in the 12th century would indicate it was built as a monument to someone's ego and had nothing to do with the needs of the people. At that time the total population of Glasgow, men, women and children wouldn't be more than 600 to 1000. The cathedral would have accommodated 1500 people or more. When you realize this was virtually owned by the Bishop it was not much wonder they became exceedingly rich and powerful and lived like kings in their domain.

A fact which is hard for us to grasp is that in Scotland it was always tradition the King owned all the land. He gave it away to the nobles to gain their support and also to friends and relatives by the granting of these charters. It should be remembered he could and did many times take it back if the person fell into disfavour.

     In 1175 AD, KING WILLIAM, THE LION, granted Bishop Joseline the right of the Burgh of Glasgow to hold a market on Thursdays. This was an important matter because it gave the Burgesses of Glasgow the freedom to trade and sell which they had not been allowed to do before. It was evident Glasgow at this stage was only a Burgh of Barony and not a Burgh of Regality which it became later.

     Because the status of a Burgh was such an important matter I will give a brief explanation of the 3 classes of Burghs. They were all created under the authority of the Crown but with different degrees of rank and privilege.

ROYAL BURGH - usually created on the domain already held by the King. It was occupied by persons who paid annual rent to the King. They were known as Burgesses and held privileges such as exemption from restrictions on trade. It was later changed so the Burgesses paid their rent to the common Burgh funds and then the Burgh paid the total rent to the King. The King reserved the right to appoint the Provost and the 2 Baillies who were in charge of the Burgh Council. The Burgh could hold its own criminal courts. The biggest advantage was the right to hold fairs and markets locally and engage in foreign trade. This was a huge economic advantage to a Burgh. The King received the rents and a percentage from the goods sold at fairs and markets.

BURGH OF BARONY - the King granted some Baronial family the ownership of a Burgh and the Burgh paid rents to the Baron instead of the King. It could also be granted the right to hold fairs and markets. Of course the rents and a percentage on the goods sold went to the Baron.

BURGH OF REGALITY - This worked the same as the above except the ownership of the Burgh was granted to an ecclesiastic person such as a Bishop or Archbishop. The wealth came to the Bishop in person just like a Baron and not to the church involved. They became hugely wealthy.

One of the other factors in connection with a fair was the granting of the "Peace of the King". It protected anybody going to, coming from or at a fair from attack. Even a criminal could not be apprehended while at a fair. Prices were controlled by the Burgh Council and also there was an inspection for quality of goods especially meat and fish.

     In 1189 as mentioned above, the Cathedral of Glasgow was destroyed by fire. Bishop Joseline raised money for rebuilding and it was rededicated on 6 July 1197 even though it was far from finished. This is the huge stone Cathedral we see today in most respects.

     An interesting aspect to the Charters given by the King is they all had to be renewed by each successive King in order to be legal and so the properties could be protected from other claims. They were all in Latin at this stage and many of them are given complete in the historic books I have in my library.

Glasgow went through the 13th century without much change or upheaval except when a Bishop died. When that happened he was replaced by an appointment by the King with the approval of the Pope in Rome. A great number of churches throughout Lanarkshire especially but some in other counties, were granted (given) to the Bishop who was the head of the See of Glasgow. This created an insidious situation as the revenues from all those churches came back to the Bishop. He then paid the local priest a "stipend" for his work in the parish and minor amounts for the upkeep of the church property. The Bishop on the other hand only to pay his Burghal rents to the King and a percentage of the revenue to the Pope in Rome. Everything in between was profit for the Bishop and most of them stretched this as far as possible. There were some exceptions but it was a time of greed and power for most. It was one of the situations which ultimately led to the downfall of the Episcopal Church in Scotland. It weakened the local parishes and made for very poor quality in the parish priests and VERY rich Bishops and Archbishops.

     At the end of the 13th century King Edward I of England had started a series of invasions to assert his supremacy over Scotland. Some of these were successful but some were drastic failures such as Stirling where WILLIAM WALLACE defeated the English on 11 September 1297. King Edward himself led the next huge army into Scotland and defeated WILLIAM WALLACE at the battle of Falkirk on 22 July 1298. In spite of the victory King Edward I had to retreat to Carlisle. Even though he stripped the country of food it was still not enough to feed his large army. Glasgow had not been effected by all this except for citizens who had joined the military. The King in Scotland could call on the Burghs he had created for soldiers and arms. Also he could call on the Barons who had been granted land so many who joined the King lost their lives at Falkirk.

      In 1301 KING EDWARD I was invading Scotland for the 5th time. There is a record showing he resided in Glasgow for a fortnight and was lodged at the Convent of the Friars Preachers. He made offerings at the High Altar of St. Mungo. He also gave donations to the Black Friars in Glasgow who had established a Friary there as early as 1246. There is no record of any destruction in Glasgow by the English as there was in some other Burghs.

     Some of the Bishops of Glasgow had encouraged the Vicars of other churches to buy property and build houses in Glasgow. Many of them took advantage of this offer as you can see from the maps of the buildings in Glasgow around the cathedral. The advantage to these men was they could become a Burgess of Glasgow if they owned property and lived there. This gave them the privileges of trade at the fairs and markets given to a Burgess and this meant economic advantages. The population of Glasgow circa 1300 was about 1500 to 2000.

     It was near the end of the 14th century the 8 span stone bridge was built across the Clyde River. In 1426 Bishop John Cameron was appointed and he did considerable building in Glasgow. The wooden steeple of the Cathedral had been destroyed by a lightning strike so he had it rebuilt in stone. He also had a new, larger tower added to the Bishop's Palace, across the street from the Cathedral. This Bishop's Palace had originally been built in the 13th century as a fortification. However it had gradually been altered to change it into a palace and a tall stone wall had been built around it. It is shown thus in the old sketches of Glasgow but no trace whatsoever remained by the 19th century.

     The common man's clothing in the 15th century was usually a doublet and a cloak with short "trews" (trousers). His hat would have been made of felt or wool or even basket-work. His legs and feet would remain bare. In women's clothing the kirtle (or short gown) was rarely accompanied with a petticoat or an outer cloak. Here again her feet would be bare.

     On 20 April 1450 by a Charter from King James II Glasgow was created a Burgh of Regality. This raised its status with broader trading rights as explained earlier. Glasgow had been having numerous trading disputes with its neighbouring Burghs Renfrew and Rutherglen who had been Royal Burghs for a number of years.

     It was at this time King James II used his influence with Pope Nicholas V to sanction a University for Glasgow. The nearest and first University in Scotland was St. Andrews on the east coast created 40 years earlier. Before that time the more aspiring youths of Scotland seeking higher learning had to go to Oxford or Cambridge in England or go to a University on the Continent such as Paris. The Pope issued his Bull on 7 January 1450/1. The current Bishop at the time was Bishop William Turnbull and he was appointed Chancellor of the new University. His successors would automatically become Chancellor.

In Glasgow for some time past there had been an order of the Black Friars who were a minor order of the Franciscans. They occupied a small property on a street known as FRIARS WYND. A Wynd was a narrow winding lane. On 15 June 1487 WILLIAM STEWART, Canon of Glasgow, founded a perpetual chaplaincy at the High Altar of the Church of Friars Preachers. This entailed specific religious ceremonies to take place at this Chapel and the endowment specified in great detail not only the services but the construction and maintenance of the Chapel.

     These were the turbulent times in Scotland during the reign of the Stewart Kings, many of whom were murdered or died very young in battle. This meant the next in succession was often only a baby or a very young child. In these cases Regents were appointed to run the country until the King had come of age. There was a great deal of infighting for the position of Regent as he became the most powerful person in Scotland. On 9 September 1513 King James IV along with his son Alexander Stewart, were killed in the Battle of Flodden. Most of the nobles had supported the King for this battle against the invading English. When they suffered such a drastic defeat, it decimated the ruling classes in Scotland. As well as thousands of soldiers, the King and his son, the slain included thirteen Earls, fourteen Lords, an Archbishop and a Bishop, two Abbots and so many Knights and Gentlemen there was scarcely a family in Scotland who had not suffered some loss. James V who was only 17 months old was crowned King. At first his mother Margaret, the Queen dowager, acted as Regent but this was later changed to the Earl of Albany, a favourite Earl of the Queen.

     A powerful faction headed by the Earls of Arran, Lennox, Glencairn and including John Mure of Caldwell tried to drive Albany out of office. This was partly due to the hostility between the Earls of Arran and Albany which went back many years. In fact it went back to when the Earl of Arran's grandfather had married the sister of King James III and had therefore been second in line for the throne. The Earl of Arran was James Hamilton whose descendants became the Earls of Abercorn in Scotland and Ireland and were the landlords of so many LOVES.

     This group of men took possession of the Castle at Glasgow on 20 February 1515/6. However the Regent Albany arrived with a strong force and heavy artillery and soon took back the Castle. There was a lot of damage done to the building and Archbishop Beaton made a claim to the Courts for restoration costs.

     We are now getting to the period in Glasgow history which is of particular interest to us. The earliest mention found so far of a LOVE or LUIFE in Glasgow is 1516. That is when WALTER LUIF was one of 11 men who applied for a Charter for the Skinners Guild. Then our interest in Glasgow extends to the mid 1600s when WILLIAM LOVE from Strabane, Ireland, died in Glasgow in 1645.

      It is thought there had been an incorporation of Craftsmen in Glasgow before 1516 but no records have been found earlier than this. On 28 May 1516 the Glasgow Town Council, with the consent of Archbishop Beaton, granted "a Seal of Cause" to the Craft of Skinners and Furriers. A Skinner was a person who treated animal skins to make leather. We would call him a Tanner. This Seal of Cause ratified the various conditions of admission and the rules of the Guild. They are interesting because of their great detail which I will show later when I outline the Guild. It appears this was the first Guild in Glasgow to be granted a Charter as there are records showing the other Guilds such as Weavers, Hammermen, Tailors, Masons etc. receiving their charters later.

Glasgow was now thrown into the middle of an ecclesiastic squabble. King James IV had requested the Pope to raise the See of Glasgow to an Archbishopric and not be under the jurisdiction of St. Andrews. The Pope raised Bishop James Beaton to an Archbishop but hedged on the other matter. It went back and forth for years. During this time King James IV had died and Archbishop James Beaton had been moved to fill a vacancy at St. Andrews.. His successors carried on the dispute and it now included questions of theology. Finally in the Glasgow Cathedral there was a scandalous scene when blows were struck, vestments torn, wounds given and both the crosses of Glasgow and St. Andrews were broken. Even more amazing is the Queen Dowager and the Regent as well as the Papal delegate witnessed all this. Did "our" LUIFES who were living in Glasgow at the time witness it as well?

     At the death of King James V on 14 December 1542 the old question of Regent had to be decided once again. This time the succession was to MARY who had only been born 6 days before her father's death. Archbishop James Beaton who was now a Cardinal claimed custody based on a testimonial he said the King had given him before he died. There was great doubt as to the authenticity of this document. The physical custody of the child King or Queen raised the custodian to the highest power in the land. So on 13 March 1542/3 the Courts made the decision and sustained the assumption of Regency by JAMES HAMILTON, the Earl of Arran. So this is how the Hamilton family and the Earl of Arran came into the Regency question again. At first MARY was held at Linlithgow, the family estates of the Hamilton family. Then she was moved to Stirling Castle and later to the Island of Inchmaholm for safety reasons. King Henry VIII of England had immediately started negotiations to have his son Prince Edward married to MARY in order to cement relations with Scotland. Child marriages in the royal families were very common for political purposes.

     Things got very complicated now. When HENRY, KING of FRANCE, got word of this he immediately despatched the Earl of Lennox to Scotland to try and persuade the Scottish Regent to stop the marriage and retain the old political connections with France in the wars with England. The Earl of Lennox was still the Governor of Dumbarton Castle and also held the Baillie Regality in Glasgow. He was not successful in changing the Regent's mind and then he pulled a double cross on the King of France. The King had sent him 50 thousand crowns to finance this project but Lennox kept this for himself.

The Earl of Lennox then announced he would be governor and tutor for the infant QUEEN MARY as he was the nearest heir to the throne. He gathered forces and ammunition and proceeded to Glasgow with the Earl of Glencairn and other Barons. Being Baillie of Glasgow most of the Burgesses and Kirkmen took his side. They all took up position about a mile east of Glasgow on the Muir (moor) of Glasgow. The Governor, Earl of Arran with the help of Lord Boyd met the Lennox forces there. He completely defeated Lennox whose forces fled back to Glasgow. Earl of Arran followed them into the town and took over the castle. Sixteen of the defenders were hung at the Market Cross. In fact if it hadn't been for the pleas of Lord Boyd probably the whole town would have been completely destroyed.

     The outcome of all this was that on 9 October 1545 the Earl of Lennox forfeited all his estates including the heritable rights as the Baillie of Glasgow. He escaped to England. In his place the Earl of Arran, JAMES HAMILTON, was appointed to act as Baillie and Justice of all the lands of the Regality of Glasgow for 19 years which would include his heirs.

     I have gone into a lot of detail on this situation because I keep finding it amazing our ancestors were right on the spot and saw all this happening. How involved they would be we will probably never know. Lowly farmers and tradesmen such as our ancestors would not necessarily be involved. When the Earls and Barons got on the wrong side of the King it could mean forfeiture of land and sometimes banishment from Scotland and even imprisonment and death. When this happened the tenant farmer or tradesman just got a new landlord and things went on the same. However in this case JHONE LUIFE was a Burgess and a Deacon of the Skinners Guild in 1565. How old was he then? Would he be old enough to join the fight or would he be just a boy watching the hanging at the Market Cross? It certainly brings history alive to realize our ancestors were witness to these violent happenings.

     No sooner had all the above happenings calmed down in Glasgow when it was thrust into all the chaos of the Reformation. King Henry VIII of England had taken over as head of the Catholic Church and severed all connection with the Pope in Rome. He issued orders to all churches in England and Scotland not to send any more "Peter's Pence" to Rome. He started procedures to dissolve all the monasteries and take their properties into his own hands for later distribution to friends and relatives or to strengthen his ties to the Nobles...

     At the death of King Henry VIII in 1547 his son EDWARD was crowned. Although only a boy he was strongly in favour of the Protestant religion. He soon gave orders all the Popish regalia was to be stripped from the churches such as images, crosses and altars as well as Catholic vestments. Edward died after 7 years and his sister MARY was crowned Queen. She was an extremely zealous Catholic so all the churches were told to restore the Catholic regalia. The ministers were told to revert to the Catholic Mass and many who would not conform were burned as heretics. Luckily for the Protestants this reign of terror only lasted 5 years because MARY died and her sister ELIZABETH was crowned Queen. Back everything went to Protestant services and the churches were stripped of everything Catholic. The Reform movement gained considerable momentum and as in all such cases extremists evolved who carried reform too far. The church buildings were attacked and some actually destroyed or badly damaged.

     The Earl of Arran, JAMES HAMILTON, had always taken the Catholic side. In fact while in France he was created DUKE OF CHARTELLERAULT for favours he had done for the French King. As Baillie of the Regality of Glasgow in 1557 he actually granted a Bond of Maintenance to the Archbishop of Glasgow. This was a guarantee he would defend the Archbishop and his property in Glasgow. It was not long after ELIZABETH came to the throne with her Protestant Reformation, HAMILTON changed his mind and made an agreement with her. He entered Glasgow Cathedral and pulled down all the images and altars and seized the Bishop's Castle. There was still a strong Catholic or French faction in Scotland and their troops soon recovered the Castle and the Burgh of Glasgow. The population at this time was approximately 4500 people.

     The Reformation quickly gained more momentum and in August 1560 the Convention of Estates which was the Executive branch of the Scottish Parliament, formally sanctioned the CONFESSION OF FAITH. This declared the Bishop of Rome to have NO jurisdiction or authority in Scotland, prohibited mass and baptism according to the Roman rite and ordained strict inquisition against all persons contravening these statutes. MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND at first refused to ratify this statute so a modification was needed. This was called the FIRST BOOK OF DISCIPLINE and after much argument it was actually JAMES HAMILTON, the DUKE OF CHARTELHERAULT, along with leading Protestant families who pushed this through Parliament.

With the stricter enforcement of the Protestant regulations of the Reformation, many Catholics who would not conform fled to France. Among these was Archbishop Beaton of St. Andrew's and formerly of Glasgow. He took with him all the records of St. Andrew's Cathedral and deposited them with the Scotch College in Paris. Thus much Scottish history was lost and although some of it was returned many years later, not all of it has survived. He spent his time trying to strengthen Queen Mary's Catholic cause in France and never returned. QUEEN MARY at that time was Queen of both Scotland and France because of her marriage to FRANCIS. When he died in 1560 she resolved to return to Scotland to try and restore the Catholic Church. MARY's mother had been MARY OF GUISE, second wife of KING JAMES V. Both of his wives were French and strong Catholics so MARY had been brought up in the traditions of the Catholic Church.

     In Glasgow in 1561 the Town Council was left stranded as on the flight of the Archbishop there was nobody left to appoint the Baillies for the next year. They wisely decided business had to go on so they took the unprecedented move of appointing the Baillies themselves. During the next four years the whole country was in turmoil trying to decide what would happen to the Archbishops, Bishops and Priests who had remained in the country but who would be turned out of their churches if they would not convert to the Reform. It is all too complicated to discuss in this history of Glasgow but certainly it had its effect on the citizens and I have to keep reminding myself that we had an ancestor, JHONE LUIFE, who was a Burgess living in Glasgow and surviving all this turmoil. Certainly to survive the average person had to swing with the wind, keep their head down and not try to expound any very strong convictions one way or the other.

     What effected Glasgow directly was the marriage of QUEEN MARY to her young cousin HENRY STEWART, LORD DARNLEY. The Privy Council set aside certain revenues for the furnishing and sustaining of the Queen's house. These included the third of the revenues of the Bishopric of Glasgow. This was the main cause of the revolt of the nobles headed by JAMES HAMILTON, Duke of Chartellerault. Part of this was no doubt personal because LORD DARNLEY was the son of the Earl of Lennox, the old enemy of JAMES HAMILTON. Remember Lennox had fled Scotland after his lands and Regality of Glasgow had been confiscated when JAMES HAMILTON had defeated him in Glasgow back in 1545. The Queen had allowed Lennox to return and gave him back his lands and this certainly infuriated JAMES HAMILTON.

     The revolt of the Duke of Chartellerault was quickly suppressed by a force of 5000 soldiers mustered around Glasgow. Amazingly the Queen instead of hanging him for treason, just forfeited his position in Glasgow as Baillie of the Regality, confiscated any other lands he owned and told him to get out of Scotland and he was banished to France. In 1566 Queen Mary gave birth to a son JAMES. She had him baptized with all the Catholic rituals which was entirely illegal at this time. It was the last official act of a Catholic Bishop in Scotland. JAMES would be made KING JAMES VI a year later when only one year old, and his mother was forced to abdicate because of her Catholic ways. The next 10 years of Scottish history are too confusing to include in this Glasgow history except to say Scotland once again was ruled by a Regent until JAMES came of age. Supporters of the former Catholic Queen kept up harassment until their final defeat at Langside near Glasgow. MARY fled to England and put herself under the protection of her cousin Queen Elizabeth. However she was finally executed on 8 February 1586/7.

     In 1571 the old feud between the Hamiltons and the Earl of Lennox boiled up again. The Hamilton descendants of the Duke of Chatellerault, who had been banished to France, once again decided to capture and destroy the Castle in Glasgow. They wanted to make sure LENNOX, who was now Governor of Scotland and Regent for the infant KING JAMES VI, would never be able to use the Castle again. Lennox forces arrived and the Hamiltons withdrew so nothing really happened.

     JOHN HAMILTON, formerly Archbishop of St. Andrews and before that ABBOT of the Monastery of Paisley, refused to change his Catholic views and held Mass many times. He was the only Hamilton who stuck to his convictions and in the end it cost him his life. He had fled St. Andrews when the new laws came into effect but was captured at the Castle of Dumbarton on 2 April 1571. Only 4 days later on 6 April 1571 he was hung at Stirling Castle.

     Because of the unrest especially in western Scotland, the Privy Council on 6 June 1572 ordered a proclamation to be read at the Market Cross in Glasgow. All fencible persons (capable of defending) to appear "weill bodie in feir of weir" with 15 days victuals. They were to meet the Regent, Earl of Lennox, at Glasgow and it commanded the inhabitants of Glasgow to follow the army "wherat it migt go with bread, ale and victuals for men and horses", which would be bought and paid for. This army was to go through the West Country and suppress any traitors or rebels who were defying the King's authority.

     In spite of the violence all around, everyday life and business in Glasgow had to go on. A few of the mundane happenings are recorded in the minutes of the Burgh Council in 1574. Two herders were appointed to take the cattle out to the grazing area and bring them back at night. One area was the "nethertoun" (the lower end of the Burgh) and the other was "overtoun" (at the top end). THOMAS CRAIG was ordered to replace the gallows which he had removed without authorization. This was designated as "auld accustomat place sa nair hand the Towne". The Merchants and Crafts were evidently taking an active part in the operation of the Burgh Council. WILLIAM MAXWELL and 6 of the Deacons representing the Craft Guilds dissented from a decision of the Council to sell off some of the Common Land. It was also the practice in Glasgow as in many other towns to "perambulate" (walk around the perimeter) the "marches" (boundaries). In this instance LORD BOYD as Provost and three Baillies walked the boundaries to make sure none of the "outlandemeris" were encroaching on Burgh lands.

     A complaint was made to the Council that certain persons were "castis the muir and flayis up the samyn" (dug up the turf on the moor). It was the bylaw of the Burgh that only Freemen of the town were entitled to cut turf (peat) and then only 2 days work a year. They had many such regulations about horses on the loose and pigs and sheep damaging crops. There was even one about "hussys" (wives) cutting grass on the Common without permission. First offence was 8 days in the "thieves hole". Second offence was banishment from the town.

     Many of the laws involved the Sabbath after the Reformation. Before that time Sunday was a time of relaxation, games, dancing on the Green, drinking and having a good time. Now many restrictions were imposed banning all such activity on Sunday. The Merchants could not sell from their "buiths" (shops) on Sunday mornings and this went for the Tavern Keepers as well. All swearing of any kind was an offence and the penalty was a fine and confession in front of the congregation. Church attendance was compulsory with fines imposed for absenteeism. No stalls were to be used to sell merchandise in the porch of the Kirk. This had evidently been a common practice and even sometimes in the Kirk itself.

     In 1575 the plague was back in western Scotland. Glasgow passed laws prohibiting entry to the town by any person coming from an area where the plague was active. It also prevented the citizens of Glasgow visiting any of these places and penalties were charged for any violation. Each entrance to the town had a gate and these would be closed at night. Guards were appointed to challenge travelers as to where they had come from. If it was one of the plague areas that person would be turned away.

     When someone in the Burgh died it was the custom for a "deid bell" ringer to walk through the town ringing the bell and announcing who had died and when they would be buried. Evidently the bell had been privately owned but in 1577 the Council purchased the "auld bell" from JOHN MUIR and ANDREW LANG for £10. It was to be used in future as the "Common bell to gang for the buriall of the deid". The Council also renewed the ordnance that every able man of substance was to have a "hagbut" (musket) and "graithe" (be ready) with powder and bullets. All others were to be provided with spears, jacks, steel helmets, sword and bucklers. The Deacon of each Guild was responsible for reporting the arms each member could supply.

     In 1578 an event took place which might have been a disaster for history in Glasgow. Andrew Melville, a zealous Reform minister, and other ministers persuaded the Council the Glasgow Cathedral should be demolished and the stones used to build several smaller churches. They claimed the Cathedral was too large and the minister could not be heard when he was preaching. The real reason was they considered it an "idolatrous monument to Popery". However they had not counted on the Craftsmen Guilds, especially the Masons, who recognized the wonder of its construction 400 years earlier. When the men came to start the demolition the Craftsmen came armed and ready to resist the destruction. They yelled "the first man who removes a stone will get buried under it". The Council workmen retreated under this threat and in the end the matter was put before King James VI. He was now 13 years old and ruling without a Regent. He inhibited the ministers and advised them not to meddle in the matter any more "there had already been too many churches destroyed". So the Cathedral was saved for posterity.

     The CONFESSION OF FAITH was signed in Glasgow in 1581 as it was signed all over Scotland. The obligation to sign was stringent but they only received 2250 signatures. Those who could not write had their names entered by the clerk. They went through the Burgh door to door. Probably the reason they only received that many signatures was because of the high proportion of adherents to the old Episcopal faith. In Glasgow there were many former Bishops and Catholic priests living in the cathedral area who refused to sign this Protestant Presbyterian document.

     On 27 July 1582 JAMES GREY, a tailor, was paid £5 for making a new ensign for the Burgh of Glasgow. Then on the next day he was paid a further £39 8s 10d to be "fullie furnesit in all things" which I take to mean it was to be complete with a standard and fittings.

     On 6 July 1583 one of those riots broke out in Glasgow which were not that uncommon in medieval towns in the 16th century. This was the day of the Fair but the night before a "wapenschaw" was held. This practice originally started as a compulsory checking of the arms available to defend the town. In other words a "weapon show". It later developed into a competitive affair where men showed their arms and their skills at using them. Evidently on this night a dispute arose as to the "ranking and placing" of the Merchants and Guilds. Things got out of hand with a lot of fighting. When it calmed down the Magistrates ordered all the armour to be put away for 10 days. Anyone who broke this rule would be fined £100 Scots which was a huge amount of money in those days.

     According to the Scottish Laws an heir was entitled to not only the heritable estate falling to him but also the best of certain kinds of goods called "heirship movables". The Court testaments to these Inventories are interesting. They disclose the household goods which a Burgess of the 16th century might own. They were in great detail and some of the copies of testaments which are in my files are interesting from this standpoint

       KING JAMES VI on 24 November 1589 married ANNA, second daughter of FREDERICK II, King of Norway and Denmark The Scottish Parliament voted £100,000 Scots, to meet the expense of the marriage. As usual 1/6 of this was levied on the Burghs. The amount levied on Glasgow was raised by a "stent" on the inhabitants. This was a tax based on assessment of the value of the person's land. These special taxations must have not only been an annoyance to the people but often a real hardship.

     The inhabitants also were hit with other expenses through no fault of their own. A case in point was when the Earl of Lennox, the holder of the Regality of Glasgow, asked the Council to entertain Lord Huntley, his wife and entourage. As well as food for the sumptuous banquet the Council sent two "tuns" of wine to the Castle to show their "guid will and favor". Just the wine alone cost the town 330 merks. In this time period a merk was about 2/3 of a Scottish Pound.

       On 21 September 1594 JHONE LUIFE's son WILLIAM LUIF is shown on the Members list of the Skinners Guild. The next year on 13 August 1595 WILLIAM's step-brother JOHN LUIF is also shown. This is one of the vital proofs in connecting the family as the Burgess Roll shows JOHN LUIFF as "younger son of deceased JOHN L". This then tells us JHONE LUIFE, the elder, died before 13 August 1595. Before this information came to light all we knew of his death was in the testament of his wife MARGARET PUDZEANE. This showed she was already a widow when she died on 15 March 1613. The Skinners membership list for 1605 shows WILLIAM's other brothers ANDRO and ALEXANDER. All of the above information comes from the HISTORY OF THE SKINNERS GUILD by Harry Lumsden published in 1937 and this book is in my library.

     In preparation for the Whitsunday (15 May) Court and perambulation, the Town Council ordained that every absent person from the "Play and Pastime" on the following Thursday would be fined £5. Eight officers and two minstrels were appointed and were to be furnished with red "stamyng" (linsey-woolsey cloth) sufficient to make a mantle for each with strings and the Town crest on the shoulder "in the best fashion that could be had".

     Hitherto the official year in Scotland went by the Julian calendar just like most other countries. This meant the New Year started on 25 March. This was changed to the Gregorian calendar in 1600, thus 31 December 1599 was followed by 1 January 1600. So nowhere in Scotland historic records will you find any years dated 1599 between 1 January and 24 March. It is interesting to note throughout England and the English Colonies in North America this change was not made until 1753. We can note here the population of Glasgow in 1600 was approximately 7000, up from approximately 4500 in 1550.

      Because the Glasgow Cathedral Kirk and the stone bridge crossing the Clyde River had "now becum rwynous and in sindrig pairtis greatly dekayit" the King imposed an "uplift" of the tax for taking goods across the bridge or transporting goods on the river. Half of the proceeds would go toward the repair of the Kirk. The other half would be for repairs to the bridge and the causeways on the common Green. The inhabitants were ordered on 28 March 1600, being warned by the sound of the Town Drummer, to send from each house a servant to assist with the work on the Green.

      We have all heard stories of the horrid conditions of the streets in England and Scotland in the 14th and 15th centuries. It was just as bad by the early 1600s. It was common practice to throw the garbage (midden) out their front doors and windows. Ordnance after ordnance was passed by the Council but not much changed. Cattle waiting to be slaughtered by the fleshours (butchers) were kept on the street and the slaughtering was done right in the street the following day. The open gutters became clogged and in a rain they would overflow into some of the lower houses. It wasn't until the very end of the 1600s that sanitary conditions improved to any extent. The streets and lanes were still dirt which turned to mud in every rain. When they started to surface the main streets they did it by cobblestones. Their name for this was Causeyed. When they first started this in Glasgow there was no qualified person to Causey so they had to bring a tradesman from Edinburgh to do the job.

     In that same year a great fire erupted in Glasgow. It started in the smithy of JAMES LEISHMAN who was exonerated from any blame or carelessness in the subsequent enquiry. The houses were mostly faced with wood and many were still thatched with straw. Of course a fire would spread very quickly without much chance of stopping it. A voluntary contribution was taken in the Town to aid those rendered homeless. This was a very common occurrence in early Scottish towns and it hit Glasgow again in 1652 when 1/3 of the town was consumed. In this fire 1000 families lost their houses. The Council passed an ordnance forbidding any new houses to be faced in wood. Of course there were still many of the older houses which had escaped the previous fire still faced in wood. So 15 years later they had another fire which destroyed 136 more homes and shops.

     KING JAMES VI having acceded to the English throne on the death of Queen Elizabeth on 24 March 1603, took his departure from Scotland and arrived in London on 6 May 1603. Two day after leaving he granted a Charter whereby he disposed to the Duke of Lennox, and his heirs, all the lands formerly held by the Archbishop, including the Barony of Glasgow, the castle and the Burgh. This made the Duke the Superiority over the whole Regality and it was to be called the Lordship of Glasgow. He would have the privilege of the Chapel and the Chancellory, all to be held directly to the Crown. The Duke would have to pay an annual fee to the King and it is interesting to see how these fees were made up. £304 8s 4d money; 36 chalders, 4 bolls of meal; 31 chalders, 5 bolls of barley; 13 chalders, 4 bolls of oats; 49 dozen capon; 31 dozen poultry; and 4 dozen salmon. A chalder was 16 bolls and a boll equaled 5 bushels, 3 pecks in the case of meal, barley and oats. This Charter made the Duke of Lennox virtual owner of Glasgow instead of the former Archbishop and this was the outcome of the changes after the Reformation. The acquisition by Lennox of Glasgow must have made his old enemies the Hamilton family very angry indeed.

     In 1604 in Glasgow there were 213 Burgess who were Merchants and 363 who were Craftsmen. We are particularly interested in the Skinners Craft but the following are the number of Craftsmen in each of the trades. 29 Hammermen (workers in any kind of metal), 27 Baxters (bakers), 65 Tailors, 50 Cordiners (shoemakers), 30 Websters (weavers), 17 Fishers, 7 Bonnet makers, 5 Walkers and Listers (?), 21 Skinners (of which 6 were LUIFES), 2 Mediciners, 23 Coopers (barrel makers), 11 Masons, 21 Wrights (mechanics) and 55 Maltmen and Mealmen (sellers of malt for brewing).

     In 1611 yet another Charter was granted by KING JAMES VI which changed the status of Glasgow forever. It was different than anything previous and was revolutionary as far as Glasgow was concerned. Always before the Charter was granted to give possession to Bishops, Archbishops, Lords, Dukes or Barons. This new Charter granted Glasgow with all its possessions to the Provost, Baillies, Council and Community. In other words the Burgh of Glasgow now owned itself. The Charter clarified its status in connection with other Burghs and it was declared a FREE ROYAL BURGH. There would be no intermediary and the Burgh would be responsible directly to the King. The Burgess whose land had always been granted with the tolerance of the Archbishop, Bishop, Lord or Baron, now had clearly established their land rights subject only to the normal laws of investiture.

     By early in the 17th century there was a resident "Chirurgian" (Doctor-Surgeon) in Glasgow by the name of Mr. Petir Low. At times he was paid by the Council to administer to the poor folks in town. They were careful to only give this service to poor who had been born in Glasgow. If they had not been born there and were "outlanders" they were ejected and prohibited from returning. Bloodletting was universal among all classes of people. It was usually done by the Barber and business was brisker in the Spring. His striped red and white pole outside his shop indicated he gave this service. The same poles are still seen today but the Barbers have dropped this end of their trade and don't "bloodlet" except by accident.

     When I first started to read the testaments (wills) from the early 1600s I was surprised to find how many legal rights a wife possessed in connection with property and goods. When a wife died before her husband she still made an extensive testament disposing of property to her children and relatives. Testaments in those days were very detailed and named every possession they owned. It was important to be clear on property in order to protect the Heritable rights. This is all born out in the testament of MARGARET PUDZEANE, relict (widow) of JHONE LUIFE, but in this case she was a widow so it is not so surprising she would have control of the property. She died in 15 March 1613 and the testament is dated 8 May 1613. A photocopy taken from the original held by the National Archives of Scotland is in my files. It is also shown on LDS film # 046892. It is the only document making these family connections. You should realize she is my 8th great grandmother. Her testament is interesting and I quote a small part. Her "goods and gier" were to be equally divided between the three sons but she specifically mentions " to Andro Luiff her eldest son her best chest. To William Luiff her second son her next best chest. To Alexander Luiff her third chest. To William Luiff her little aquavit (whiskey) pot. To Alexander Luiff ane pair of shottes (pigs).

A French ambassador to Scotland in this time period, Ayala, was also impressed with this independent spirit of the Scottish women. He wrote as follows "The women are courteous to the extreme. They are really honest though very bold. They are absolute mistresses of their houses and even of their husbands in all things concerning the administration of their property, income as well as expenditures. They are very graceful and handsome women. They dress much better than in England and especially in regard to their headdress."

     The first Printer to operate in Glasgow was GEORGE ANDERSON. He was subsidized by the Council to bring his equipment in January 1640. He operated in Glasgow until 1661 when he went to Edinburgh. The next printer was ROBERT SANDERS. He printed the first New Testament in Glasgow in 1666.

     Glasgow in 1780 had a population of only 43,000 but was just starting on its phenomenal growth during the Industrial Revolution.. By 1910 the population of Glasgow and suburbs was 780,000. Unfortunately being an industrial city in the coal burning age led to horrible pollution and it became dirty and ugly. The latter half of the 20th century brought a magnificent effort to remedy this situation and today it is a very attractive city with a population of 620,000.

       I have not given much attention to Glasgow history after 1650. When WILLIAM LOVE died in Glasgow in 1645 it was our last connection of any direct line ancestors in Glasgow. His sons who were still living were back in Strabane, Ireland. So far I have been unable to trace his wife JANET WALKER who was supposed to be still living in 1656.

     Because we had so many ancestors and their relatives who were Skinners in Glasgow, I will give a brief history of the Skinners Furriers and Glovers Guild during the 16th century. If this is of no interest to you just skip all this part as I have completed the History of Glasgow. On the other hand if you would care to read more about the Skinners Guild from its inception up to the 1900s, you will find in my library a book HISTORY OF THE SKINNERS, FURRIERS AND GLOVERS IN GLASGOW written by Harry Lumsden and published in Glasgow in 1937.

     There were certainly Skinners working in Glasgow back in the 13th century and probably much earlier. After all the preparation of animal skins to make leather goes back to biblical times. Leather was used for clothing, sandals, helmets, shields, saddles and harness as shown in the earliest written records. So the constituting of a formal organization in Glasgow in 1516 was only a way of controlling the activities of those men occupied in this trade.

       On 28 May 1516 eleven Skinners applied to the Glasgow Burgh Council to be incorporated. One of these men was WALTER LUIF, a Burgess of Glasgow, who was named in the Seal of Cause which was issued. I "believe" he is the uncle of "our" JHONE LUIFE. The Council issued this Seal of Cause outlining the rules and regulations which would apply to the new Guild. This had to be approved by Archbishop Beaton. He had been granted a Charter by the King for many lands and churches in the area which included the Burgh of Glasgow. Therefore it became a Burgh of Regality with the Archbishop "owning" the town. He appointed the Burgh Provosts and Baillies who in turn appointed the Council.

      The Seal of Cause is far too long to quote here but it is shown complete in the appendix of the book mentioned above. It was extremely detailed as to the operation of the Guild in connection with its membership. It specified their responsibilities in regulating the quality of the hides and where and when they could be sold. The Guild was required to make regular offerings to the Altar of St. Christopher in the cathedral. They also had to pay an annual fee to the church. This was the first group of Craftsmen to be issued a Seal of Cause but others soon followed. This 1516 Seal of Cause served the Guild until after the Reformation in 1560. The first Protestant Archbishop was JAMES BOYD in 1572 followed by ROBERT MONTGOMERIE in 1584. He reconfirmed the old Seal of Cause but absolved the Guild from all payments to the church.

A person could not be a member of the Guild unless he was a Burgess of Glasgow. Burgesses were divided into two categories, Merchants and Craftsmen. In the 16th century to get status as Burgess meant owning (or leasing) a ruid (1/4 acre) in the town and be living on it. If you qualified so far then an entry fee was charged of £20. All other persons were designated "unfree". This would include hawkers, peddlers, servants. journeymen and apprentices. It is interesting to note a widow if she qualified as above, could become a Burgess, but not a single unmarried woman. Even Burgesses of another town would be classified as a stranger and unfree if he entered Glasgow.

     The Guild through the regulations set down by the original Seal of Cause, had a very strict classification of the men. The lowest person would be an APPRENTICE. He was not a member of the Guild and would be assigned to work under a MASTER. He could not buy or sell hides on his own and at fairs could only be a helper to his MASTER. He could not be apprenticed until he was 9 years old (later changed to 7). These jobs were at a premium and a Master could only use 1 apprentice at a time. The sons of Skinners who were already members of the Guild were always given preference. For 7 years the apprentice lived in the house of his Master and was given his food and lodging. For the next 2 years he still lived with his Master but as well as food and lodging was given a small wage equivalent to a servant's wage at the time. During all this time the apprentice was "booked" to the Guild which was a form of indenture.

     At the end of 9 years (the boy would be 16 if he started age 7) he was ready to apply for admission to the Craft. However this could not be done until he became a Burgess. As it was not likely he would own any property by then, the Master stood "security" for him. The Apprentice could then pay off his debt of £20 in installments. You can imagine during the 9 years there would be arguments and even abuse between the Master and Apprentice. Either one could appeal to the Deacon of the Guild or even the Burgh Council to have his complaints settled.

     Even after 9 years and becoming a Burgess the Apprentice could not be a full fledged member of the Guild. He could choose to be a Journeyman or a covenanted servant. In applying for admission to the Guild he had to make the "essay" to the satisfaction of the Craft Master, pay a fee and take the Oath before the Deacon and Masters. The fee was less if he was the son of a Skinner member. Even now he was only a Burgess and Craft Freeman and could not aspire to Guild office. A total of 13 years had to pass since he started as an Apprentice before he could apply to be a Guild Brother. This meant obtaining from the Deacon a testimonial that he was now qualified and only then could he appear before the Dean of the Guildry to be enrolled as a Guild Brother of Craft rank.

     A Journeyman was a person who had received their apprenticeship either in Glasgow or from some other town. They could not work on their own but had to work under a Craft Freeman or a Master. A Freeman was someone who had achieved the status of Burgess as explained above.

     An Apprentice always looked forward to marrying his Master's daughter if possible. This put him in line to become a Burgess and Freeman at a much lower fee. At first the entry money for a Craft Freeman was paid to the Altar of St. Christopher at the cathedral and also one pence weekly thereafter. After the Reformation the fees were paid to the Guild. This meant less stringent rules and was often done on promises and surety. For example in 1565 ROBERT LUIFE on admission promised to pay 40 shillings, "tae half in hand and tither half at Michaelmas next". It is obvious he must have been a Freeman at the time. However it doesn't say whether he served his apprenticeship in Glasgow so it doesn't prove where and when he arrived.

This is a most interesting entry as in the Member's list for 1565 it shows this ROBERT LUIFE as a member. It also shows our JHONE LUIFE, the elder, as a Deacon and member. Some of the other entries show when a member is a son of one of the other members. However in this case neither ROBERT or JHONE show a relationship.

     In connection with this same entry of ROBERT LUIFE becoming a member, it mentions another custom which sounds familiar in connection with initiations. He had promised, as was the custom, to give "ane dennar" for the whole membership. Luckily for him the total membership at that time was only 11. These dinners were held at a local Pub and not surprisingly usually included some pitchers of ale. THOMAS SCOT stood surety for ROBERT LUIFE. He was probably the father (or grandfather) of JAMES SCOT who married JANET LOVE in 1642. The applicant also had to swear an oath to be a "true and faithful member" and obey all the Guild rules. The final expense of becoming a member was to contribute to the cost of mortcloths. The Guild owned a number of mortcloths to lend to members or their families to be used at funerals. The initial charge was 10 shillings for sons and 15 shillings for sons-in-law.

     The Deacon of the Skinners Guild was the most important elected position in the organization. He was responsible to the Masters Court made up of other Master Craftsmen. He was elected by the Court from all the Masters and could not refuse the appointment without incurring a fine. A person was not supposed to hold office for more than one year . However this rule must have been broken as in the book are several cases where they held office longer. He had to be a Master Craftsman himself before he could be nominated.

          JHONE LUIFE, the elder, was Deacon in 1565, WILLIAM LUIF in 1605, ANDRO LUIFE in 1606 and JOHN LUIF in 1633. The elections took place at Michaelmas in September. The Deacon presided as chairman at the Master Court meetings which were usually held once a month. The Deacon's duties went far beyond the Guild membership. He represented the Guild at the Burgh Council meetings and when the Burgh entertained important visitors. He attended the funerals of prominent Burgh citizens. In the early years the Deacon handled the accounts very much like a Treasurer. However this was changed and JOHN LUIF in 1633 was the last Deacon to act in this capacity.

A Deacon would be required on all official occasions including the meetings of the Guild, to be dressed as a fully armed Burgess. It was his responsibility to convene the meetings by Town crier or bell and if he failed to do this he could be fined. The Deacon also represented the Guild at all Wappenshaws. As explained before this was the Burgh's arms muster (weapon show) to check on the status of the Burghs ability to defend itself or its Superior's defense such as the Archbishop. The Deacon was also responsible for the Charter Chest and the Collector's Box where the Guild kept its Charter documents and money.

     So the Deacon must have been a busy man. Meetings were held in the Alms House after it was built but before that they would be held in the Deacon's house or yard. They even held some meetings in the Kirk until that was forbidden because of the "brawling, boasting, outrageous speeches and fetching (fighting)".

     When it comes to the other Masters it was their duty to appoint the Searchers (see below), for trying the applicants and admitting new members. They had to deal with trade offences and disputes. It was their job to punish Apprentices, Servants and Craftsmen for breaking Guild statutes.

SEARCHERS or "sighter of work" were appointed to check on the quality of the hides being sold by Guild Craftsmen. This was a practice which had been instigated in 1427 when KING JAMES I ordered all Burghs to appoint these inspectors. They checked at the fairs particularly but also at the normal markets. If they found any inferior hides they were confiscated and given to the poor. JHONE LUIFE in 1574 was a Searcher in the area in Glasgow "from the Baryett to the brig (bridge)."

     I won't go into detail on the Trade Regulations but they were many. They included where and when a Master could sell his product. They could not sell on the street or at their houses but had to present their hides at the regular markets and fairs. Of course many rules were to protect their own Glasgow Guild members from men coming from other towns and infringing on their trade, A person from one trade or even a Merchant was forbidden to sell a product of another trade. All sorts of fines, penalties and confiscations were used to enforce these laws. Some were Guild laws and some of them Burghal laws.

     A Burgh required a Royal Charter from the Crown before it was authorized to hold a market or fair. This was a control over the profits from trading which was a King's prerogative. The original Charter to Glasgow from King William, the Lion, in 1175 gave Bishop Joceline the right to hold a market on Thursdays. Then in 1189 he granted a Charter to the Burgh of Glasgow which gave them the right to hold an annual fair for 8 days in July. These markets and fairs were a huge economic advantage in trade for a Burgh and were sought after eagerly. Markets were usually held at the Burgh Cross where the main streets of the town met because it gave them more room to set up "buiths" or stalls. They had strict hours for opening and closing and naturally they were a great place for social gathering. The Skinners Guild is a good example for all Guilds in the 16th century. They would all operate in a similar fashion and they would all be governed by the same Burghal laws.

I have mentioned several LUIFS who were involved in the Skinners Guild. I am going to list them here so it is easier to follow the sequence of their years of membership.

WALTER LUIF 1516 Founding Member

JHONE LUIF 1565 Deacon

ROBERT LUIFE 1565 Joining as Master

WILLIAM LUIF 1594 Master

JOHN LUIFF 1595 Master Y.S.of John L

WILLIAM LUIF 1605 Deacon

ANDRO LUIFFE 1606 Deacon

ALEXANDER LUIF 1605 Master E.S

JOHN LUIF 1607 Master E.S.

JOHN LUIFF 1607 Master E.S.of Andro L

JAMES LUIF 1632 Master E.S.of JOHN L. Maltman

ANDREW LOVE 1642 Master E.S.of John L

WILLIAM LOVE 1652 Master E.S.of William L. Hammerman

WILLIAM LOVE 1690 Master Son

JOHN LOVE 1701 Master Son of William

Y.S. Means younger son

E.S. Means elder son

     No further LUIFS or LOVES are shown as members of the Skinners Guild after 1701. The membership list goes all the way to the 1900s when the Guild was still active. The Guilds in the 19th and 20th centuries gradually evolved into the Labour Unions as we know them today.

                                 SOURCE of INFORMATION

     HISTORY OF THE SKINNERS FURRIERS AND GLOVERS GUILD OF GLASGOW. by Harry Lumsden LLB, LLD Published in 1937. This book is in my library.

     A VIEW OF THE CITY OF GLASGOW by John McUre. Published in Glasgow in 1736. This rare book is in my library. It is in poor condition with no back cover and some pages torn but after 264 years that is not much wonder. In the 1700s books were printed with the old English style of lettering so for instance an "s" look like an "f"..

     OLD GLASGOW, the Place and the People by A. MacGeorge. Published in 1888 by Blackie and Son in Glasgow. This book is in my library.

     EARLY GLASGOW, From Earliest Times to 1611. by Sir James D. Marwick LLD and edited by Robert Renwick. Published in 1911 by James Maclehose and Sons in Glasgow.. This book is in my library.

     TESTAMENT OF MARGARET PUDZEANE in the files of the Commissariat of Glasgow dated 8 May 1613. It is shown on LDS film # 046892. Copy in my files.

     MANUSCRIPT by WILLIAM DELOSS LOVE in the Library of Congress. Call Number Microfilm 85/9462 (C) <MicRR>. Also shown on LDS film # 1465994 Item 4. Mr Jacob Love in Washington was kind enough to tell me about this manuscript.

           MARGARET PUDZEANE (8427). died 15 March 1613 in Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland, at an unknown age.

     Children of JHONE (JOHN)⁴ LUIFE (8426) and MARGARET PUDZEANE (8427) all born in Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland, were as follows:

               + 14.        i.    ANDRO (ANDREW)⁵ LUIFE (8429) ANDRO (8429) was born circa 1570. ANDRO (8429) died 16 May 1616 at an unknown age.

               + 15.       ii.    WILLIAM LOVE (8258) WILLIAM (8258) was born circa 1574. He married JANET WALKER (8410) circa 1605 in Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland. WILLIAM (8258) died March 1645 at an unknown age.               16.       iii.        ALEXANDER LUIFE (8430). ALEXANDER (8430) was born circa 1575. ALEXANDER (8430) died at an unknown date at an unknown age.

     Wife of Jhone Luife UNKNOWN (--?--) (8431) died at an unknown date at age at an unknown age.

     Children of JHONE (JOHN)⁴ LUIFE (8426) and UNKNOWN (--?--) (8431) both born in Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland, were as follows:

               + 17.        i.    JOHN⁵ LUIFE (8432) JOHN (8432) was born circa 1566. He married JANET CUMMONG (8434).

  He married CHRISTIAN ALGEO (8441) 14 February 1618 in Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland.

                     18.        ii.    JAMES LUIFE (8433). JAMES (8433) was born circa 1567. JAMES (8433) died at an unknown date at an unknown age.

13. ROBERT⁴ LUIFE (8714) (JOHANNUS³, JOHANNUS² LUF, NIGELLUS¹). ROBERT (8714) was born circa 1550 in Govan, Lanarkshire, Scotland. He married MARGARET LUIFE (119433) , daughter of ROBERT LUIFE (119444), in 1576 in Lanarkshire, Scotland.

     MARGARET LUIFE (119433) was born in 1530 in Lanarkshire, Scotland.

     Children of ROBERT⁴ LUIFE (8714) and MARGARET LUIFE (119433) all born in Govan, Lanarkshire, Scotland, were as follows:

                     19.         i.    WILLIAM⁵ LUIFE (8788). WILLIAM (8788) died at an unknown date in Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland, at age at an unknown age.

                     20.        ii.    JOHN LUIFE (8789). JOHN (8789) died at an unknown date in Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland, at an unknown age.

                     21.       iii.    ELIZABETH LUIFE (8791) married WILLIAM RODGER (8793) at an unknown date. ELIZABETH (8791) died 1614 in Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland, at an unknown age.

WILLIAM RODGER (8793) died at an unknown date at an unknown age.

               + 22.       iv.    JAMES LUIFE (8790) JAMES (8790) was born circa 1583. He married BARBARA STEWART (119434) in 1607.

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